Hailutong brand universal travel charger has battery polarity automatic identification circuit, which eliminates the previous operation of manual polarity conversion and is more convenient to use.
The circuit is shown in the attached figure: Q1 and peripheral components form a self-excited oscillator. After step-down by transformer B and D5 rectification, a DC voltage of 9.4v is obtained on C4. After R6 current limiting and Q10 (TL431) voltage stabilization, 4.2V voltage is output at Q3 emitter to charge lithium battery. Its polarity automatic identification circuit is composed of Q5 Q8 and R12 R15. When point a is connected to the positive pole of the battery and point B is connected to the negative pole, Q8 is turned on because R12 provides a positive bias voltage, and Q5 is turned on by R14. The charging current forms a charging circuit from Q5 point a battery e point B pole C of Q8. When point a is connected to the negative pole of the battery and point B is connected to the positive pole of the battery, the charging current forms a charging circuit from pole C of Q7 point B battery e point a Q6, so as to complete the function of automatic identification of battery polarity
When a charging current flows through R6, Q4 turns on and LED1 flashes (LED1 is a three-color LED with its own oscillator, which can randomly change into a colorful flash). After charging, Q4 is cut off because there is not enough on voltage, and LED1 is off. LED2 is the power indicator.
Fault 1: the power indicator is not on.
Maintenance: the Q1 tube is normal, but there is no bias voltage at pole B; Re measure that R2 is open circuit. Remove the fault after replacing R2.
Fault 2: the power indicator is not on
Maintenance: measure that Q1 has been broken down. Re measure that R1 and R3 have been open circuit. Other components tested are normal, and the fault is eliminated after replacing the above components.

I made a simple charger, which not only has adjustable charging current, but also automatically cuts off power after full charge. It has been very good for two years.
As shown in the figure, when the "" - "pole of the battery to be charged is connected to the circuit, first turn W1 to the bottom, then turn on the power switch, then press the an button, JA acts, and ja-1 is pulled in and locked; Ja-2 connect the charging circuit. Take 36ah lead storage battery as an example. Slowly adjust W1 to change the oscillation frequency of bt33, so as to change the conduction angle of unidirectional thyristor. Make the pointer of the ammeter about 1.8A. At this time, the charger charges the battery. With the increase of charging time, the charging current gradually decreases and the voltage at both ends of the battery gradually increases. When the voltage at both ends of the battery is 16V, JB acts and JB-1 disconnects the 220V power supply circuit; JA is released, ja-1 is unlocked, ja-2 disconnects the battery and detection circuit, and the charger stops working.
The safe charging current of the battery is generally 1 / 20 of the capacity. For example, the charging current of 36ah battery is about 1.8A. In order to make the charger universal, the power of the transformer should be larger and the output voltage should be higher. I choose the secondary output 10A / 24V transformer, which can charge the battery below 150Ah. 20A / 200V silicon stack for rectifier and 20A / 200V unidirectional thyristor. The contact current of JA relay is greater than 10a, and that of JB relay and button is greater than 5A. The integrated circuit LM324 is better than the LM741, and the genuine 74l products on the market cannot be bought. When the defective output pin does not act, there is a voltage of about 1.3V. The resistance is 1 / 2W, others are shown in the figure, and there are no special requirements.
The element is fixed in a metal casing made of iron sheet, and the volume depends on the size of the transformer. The current meter, voltage meter, power switch, button, charging "", "-" pole terminal and current adjustment potentiometer W1 are installed at the appropriate position of the front panel, and the fuse and power line lead are installed on the rear panel. Heat sink shall be installed for rectifier silicon stack and unidirectional thyristor. The components can be debugged after being welded on the copper clad plate of the universal circuit and connected correctly according to the circuit diagram. An external 16V power supply is used to supply power to the voltage comparator centered on the operational amplifier LM324. Adjust W3 to make the relay JB just act. The adjustment of the protection circuit is completed. Find a 150Ah lead-acid battery to be charged, connect it for charging, and slowly adjust W1 and W2, that is, adjust W1 to increase the charging current and W2 to reduce the charging current. When W1 is adjusted to the maximum, the charging current is 7.5A, so that the charging current is less than the operating current of the transformer. After adjustment, replace W2 with a fixed resistance close to the adjusted resistance.
4 Note that W1 must be turned to the left before charging; When charging, the battery cannot be connected reversely: slowly adjust the charging current; Turn off the power switch at the end of charging.

One set of Zhejiang olonc wle-36v lead-acid battery charger with input AC220V / 80va and output DC36V / 1.6A. The charger failed to charge. Open the cover box to see that the workmanship is good. Two large-area aluminum door shaped radiators almost cover the component surface of the circuit board to dissipate heat for the power switch tube and fast recovery diode. It is found that there are many liquid leaks around the bottom of electrolytic capacitors and switching transformers after the power bridge is completed, and there are also liquid leaks around other electronic components to varying degrees. The mains fuse on the circuit board has been removed and seems to have been checked. First, clear the liquid leakage on the printed board, draw the printed circuit board according to the component layout, and sort out the electrical schematic diagram (see the attached figure) to analyze the circuit for your reference for maintenance and commissioning.
The 220V mains power supply passes through the fuse F101 and the power input filter composed of resistor R101, capacitor CX1 and inductance l101 to enhance the anti-interference performance. The thermistor ntc1 is connected in series to form a current surge suppression circuit, and then outputs a voltage of about 290v after filtering by the bridge rectifier kbp210 and electrolytic capacitor C101. One is sent to the primary L1 winding of switching transformer T1, and the other is sent to the grid of switching tube Q101 after being divided by R102 and R110 resistors to start the initial conduction. At the same time, the other winding L2 of T1 induces positive and negative voltages, This pulse voltage is sent to the gate of Q101 and accelerates the conduction of Q101. Since the drain current of Q101 does not change after saturation conduction, the induced voltage of L2 disappears, and the capacitor C104 changes from charging to discharging, so that the gate potential of Q101 gradually decreases, the current decreases, and Q101 quickly enters the cut-off state; Then the switch tube is started again, and the above process is repeated to form self-excited oscillation again and again. During the cut-off period of Q101, L3 winding of T1 outputs DC 45V voltage through fast diode d210. One circuit charges the battery and the other circuit supplies power to pin of voltage comparison integrated circuit lm358. Meanwhile, L4 winding of T1 outputs DC 20V voltage through rectifier diode D202 to supply power to precision adjustable reference three terminal integrated voltage regulator u201, integrated circuit IC lm358 and charging indication LED circuit. The voltage comparison circuit is composed of u201 and IC-2; The voltage stabilizing circuit of battery charger is composed of optocoupler HS2, diode d102, triode Q102 and q103. The resistors R105 and r108 of Q101 emitter, triode Q102 and q103 form overcurrent protection. The voltage stabilizing tubes Z101, Z201, z202 and z203 in the circuit are the overvoltage protection of each branch. The peak pulse absorption circuit is composed of D101, R111 and C102 to protect the safety during the cut-off period of Q101.
First, install the 250V fuse of power supply 2a, replace the damaged electronic components bridge bd101, electrolytic capacitor C101, capacitor C102 and triode Q102. Because the resistance color code of resistor r104 is not clear, select 330 . Use jl294 digital display transistor DC parameter test table to test the regulated value of each regulated tube Z101, Z201, z202 and z203, which are normal. Other components such as optocoupler HS2 and u201 were inspected and no abnormality was found. It indicates that the output circuit of the charger is basically normal.
In order to prevent the hidden trouble still exists, do not weld the switch tube Q101 and voltage stabilizing tube Z101, connect the isolation transformer and autotransformer at the mains power input of the power supply, and connect a voltmeter to the resistor R110 to monitor the partial voltage of resistors R102 and R110. First reduce the municipal voltage test. If there is no problem, adjust it to the rated voltage of 220V. The partial voltage of measuring resistors R102 and R110 is 17V, which is normal. After power failure, weld the voltage stabilizing tube Z101, conduct power on test, measure the voltage stabilizing value of Z101 to 15V, and check the potentials of Q102 and q103. No problems are found. At this time, a new switch tube Q101 (k2485n channel fet) can be disconnected and welded, and the output end is connected with a 36w60w bulb as the load. In the power on test, the load bulb does not light up and makes a "squeak" sound. The grid of Q101 is measured to be 2.2V, and the voltage after d102 rectification is measured to be 8V. The startup test is still invalid after C104 and short circuit thermistor are replaced. So weld down Q101, test with dm-1552c electronic laboratory special power supply, adjust the voltage of the instrument to 6V, and adjust the current to the minimum display of 0.04a, then connect the red lead of the instrument to the C pole of Q101 and the black lead to the S pole for test, and then use the gear rxl0 of 47 multimeter to measure that the forward and reverse resistance between D-S of this tube is 2 , which is normal. After the test, the switch can be started at the voltage of 6V and 0.04a. Therefore, it is thought that the performance of the newly purchased switch is different from that of the original one, and whether the starting current of the switch provided by the resistance R102 (1m ) is too small. It is decided to calculate the partial voltage resistance of R102 and rll0 based on the circuit voltage of 290v. Finally, R102 is 700k and R110 is 42K . Turn on the power and start the load bulb, Measure that the total mains input current of the charger is 0.36A, and it is normal. Check that the heat dissipation tube on Q101 and fast diode d210 is normal, and the fault is eliminated.

The level 3 electric / hybrid vehicle battery charger of Texas Instruments (TI) adopts digital power controller, communication device, high-performance driver and interface device. Level 3 charger includes AC / DC converter with PFC that generates DC voltage from AC and DC / DC converter. Its core device is real-time C2000 Series MCU.
Plug in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) and battery electric vehicle (Bev) are two emerging technologies. They use powerful motors and high-voltage battery packs as power and energy sources. Since the battery has a certain energy performance, PHEV and Bev must be supplemented periodically, generally by connecting to the power grid. In doing so, some forms of communication (PLC, wireless or RFID) may be used to manage charging activities and help authenticate the vehicle or owner for billing. Level 3 charging will play an important role in the public charging field to reduce the charging time and enable users to benefit more from the charging process.
The level 3 charging system for cars includes an AC / DC converter for generating a DC voltage from an AC line. The power to be charged will require power factor correction (PFC) to improve the power factor to meet regional rules and standards. At the center of the inverter is a real-time C2000 microcontroller. The controller is programmed to realize the required power management functions for the control loop, including AC / DC and DC / DC using PCF, so as to create the required elements for the battery. The C2000 controller includes advanced peripherals such as high-precision PWM output and ADC. It is designed to read the ADC and adjust the PWM in a separate clock cycle to achieve real-time control.
Figure 1 block diagram of dk-lm3s9b96 development board
Since the C2000 manages the power supply, the host controller is responsible for using the information and induced temperature provided by the communication module to drive the direct communication with the on-board battery pack. The information required for the charging state will be transmitted to the power controller, and important charging diagnosis and battery state will be sent to the display of level 3 charging system.
For safety reasons, isolation is required between the processor and the power supply and voltage, as well as between the communication bus and the external environment. Ti's digital isolator has logic input and output buffers separated by Ti silica (SiO2) isolation barriers, providing an isolation voltage of 4KV. When combined with isolated power supply, these devices block high voltage, isolate grounding voltage, and prevent noise current from entering the ground, affecting and damaging sensitive circuits. High performance analog components can be used to provide important system functions, such as MOSFET Drivers, sensor feedback, chip power supply and communication transceivers.
Communication on a simple system can be controlled by a separate processor. More systems with complex displays and linear accounting / reporting functions such as the level 3 charging system may require a second controller. A low frequency narrowband PLC (LF NB PLC) solution is adopted, which provides a better configuration in terms of bandwidth, power and cost requirements. The operation in narrow-band domain (frequency up to 500KHz) ensures the integrity of data and reduces the cost of the system. In this way, this standard will weigh the existing power line architecture, provide a cost-effective way to integrate intelligent monitoring, and control the new vehicle system. The data rate can vary from 1.2kbps to 100 Kbps according to the existing standards. Ti's PLC software is provided in plcsuite resource library, and users can support several modulation and standards in one design. Developers can implement sfsk, ice61334, prime and G3 standards and flexofdm standards in a separate design to realize the customization of OFDM and have applicability to the upcoming standards. In addition, it may be necessary to use wireless communication and / or RFID as a second communication protocol and a way of authentication and billing.
Stellaris lm3s2000 series is designed for controller area network (can) applications. It expands stellaris series by using Bosch can network technology (which is the gold standard of short-range industrial network). Its launch marks the first integration of can performance with the revolutionary arm Cortex-M3 core. In addition, several lm3s2000 Series MCU are also edited in the stellarisware software feature of memory ROM.
Ti infiltrates all the advantages of 32-bit performance and arm Cortex-M3 core microcontroller into all aspects of high field of microcontroller. For current 8-bit and 16 bit MCU users, stellaris series with Cortex-M3 kernel provides access to powerful development tools, systems, software and industry knowledge. Designers who will switch to stellaris will benefit from a large number of tools, small code space and excellent performance. And more importantly, designers can design arm subsystems on the basis of full confidence in the compatible development roadmap of $1 1GHz. For current users of 32-bit MCU, stellaris series provides implementation products using Cortex-M3 and thumb-2 instruction sets. With extremely fast response, thumb-2 technology integrates 16 bit and 32-bit instructions to provide a good balance between code density and performance. Thumb-2 reduces all memory by 26% compared with 32-bit code, but provides 25% higher performance. Texas Instruments stellaris series microcontrollers are arm Cortex-M3 core microcontrollers, which bring high-performance 32-bit computing into the application of cost sensitive embedded microcontrollers. These groundbreaking products allow customers to achieve 32-bit performance at the price equivalent to the previous 8-bit and 16 bit devices, all in a small pin package.
Lm3s2b93 microcontroller characteristics
Main characteristics of lm3s2b93 MCU:
arm Cortex-M3 processor core
80 MHz operating frequency: 100 DMIPS performance
arm cortex systick timer
nested interrupt controller (NVIC)
on chip memory
256 KB single cycle flash memory up to 50 MHz; Prefetch buffer improves performance above 50MHz
96kb single cycle SRAM
internal ROM containing stellarisware software
stellaris peripheral drive database
stellaris boot loader
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) password usage table
cyclic redundancy check (CRC) error detection function
external peripheral interface (EPI)
8 / 16 / 32-bit dedicated flat bus for external peripherals
support SDRAM, SRAM / flash memory, FPGAs, CPLDs
advanced serial integration
two can 2.0 A / b controllers
three UARTS with IrDA and ISO 7816 support (one UART with demodulator control and status)
two I2C modules
two synchronous serial interface modules (SSI)
integrated chip audio (I2S) module
system integration
direct memory access controller (DMA)
system control and clock including on-chip high-precision 16mhz oscillator
four 32-bit timers (up to eight 16 bit)
8 capture compare PWM pins (CCP)
low power battery pack sleep module
real time clock in sleep module
two Watchdog Timers
a timer disconnected from the main oscillator
a timer separated from the high-precision internal oscillator
up to 67 GPIO, depending on the configuration
highly flexible pin combination allows the use of GPIO or one of a variety of peripheral functions
independent configurable 2mA, 4mA or 8Ma drive performance
up to 4 gpios can have 18 ma current drive performance
advanced motion control
eight advanced PWM outputs for sports and energy applications
four fault outputs to advance low delay shutdown
two integral encoder inputs (qei)
simulation
Figure 2 layout of top components of dk-lm3s9b96 development board PCB
two 10 bit analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) with 16 analog input channels and a sampling rate of millions of samples per second
three analog comparators
16 digital comparators
on chip voltage regulator
JTAG and arm serial line commissioning (SWD)
100 pin LQFP package
108 ball BGA package
Lm3s2b93 microcontroller is oriented to industrial applications, including remote monitoring, electronic point of sale equipment, test and measurement equipment, network equipment and switches, factory automation, HVAC and building control, game console, motion control, transmission, fire prevention and safety, etc.
For applications requiring large power conversion, the lm3s2b93 microcontroller has a sleep module for the battery, which can effectively reduce the power of the lm3s2b93 during inactivity to a low power state. Using power on / power off sequencer, duration counter (RTC), a pair of matching registers, an APB interface for system bus and special nonvolatile memory, the sleep module makes the lm3s2b93 microcontroller fully suitable for battery applications.
In addition, many arm advantages provided by lm3s2b93 microcontroller are widely applicable to development tools, system on chip (SOC) architecture, IP applications and large user communities.
In addition, the microcontroller adopts the thumb-2 instruction set compatible with arm to reduce the requirements of memory and reduce the cost. Lm3s2b93 microcontroller is compatible with all products in the extended stellaris series; Provides flexibility to meet customers' high-precision requirements.
The components are as follows:
R1 reset pull-up resistor
C1 reset input filter capacitor
C3 LDO regulator filter capacitor
C2, C4-C6, C11 VDD decoupling capacitor
C7, C18 VddC decoupling capacitor
c12-c17 crystal load capacitor
Y1 Ethernet crystal
Y2 main oscillator crystal
Y3 sleep module crystal
R3 Ethernet rbias resistor
R2 sleep oscillator resistor
R5 USB RBIAS
R4 MDIO pull-up resistor
Stellaris lm3s9b96 development board
Stellaris lm3s9b96 development board provides a platform for developing the system and has the performance of lm3s9b96 arm Cortex-M3 core microcontroller.
Lm3s9b96 is a member of stellaris tempest class microcontroller family. The performance of stellaris tempest class device includes 80 MHz clock speed, an external peripheral interface (EPI) and audio I2S interface. In addition to the new hardware support for these features, the dk-lm3s9b96 board, including the stellaris board, has a rich set of peripherals.
The development board includes an on-board circuit debugging interface (icdi), which supports JTAG and SWD debugging. A standard arm 20 pin debugging head supports an array debugging solution.
Stellaris lm3s9b96 development kit accelerates the development of tempest class microcontroller. The suite also includes more sample applications and complete resource code.
Main features of stellaris lm3s9b96 development board:
easy setup - USB cable provides debugging, communication and power
flexible development platform with multiple peripherals
color LCD picture display
TFT LCD module with 320 240 resolution
resistive touch interface
80 MHz lm3s9b96 microcontroller with 256K flash, 96k SRAM, and integrated MAC PHY, USB OTG and can communication
8 MB SDRAM (plug-in EPI palette)
EPI break out board (optional plug-in board)
1 MB serial flash memory
high precision 3.00 V reference voltage
safertos operating system in microcontroller ROM
I2S stereo audio codec
linear I / O
headphone output
controller area network (can) interface
10 / 100 Ethernet
USB on the go (OTG) connector
device, host and OTG modes
user led and buttons
thumbwheel voltage divider (can be used for menu navigation)
microSD card slot
supports a wide range of debugging options
set